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Gas with analgesic and anesthetic properties.
Used in the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia and, mixed with oxygen, for analgesia and sedation in obstetric and other painful procedures.
Administered by inhalation.
At the date of the last update, there was no available published data on its excretion in breast milk.
Its poor fat solubility and acid pKa, as well as its very fast elimination half-life (T½ of 3 minutes) make the passage of breast milk unlikely.
Its low oral bioavailability makes it difficult for the infant to pass into plasma from ingested breast milk.
The short T½ allows the mother to breastfeed again as soon as she wakes up from anesthesia, is alert and fit and able to hold her baby.
There is much experience of its use during self-administered labor ad libitum by the mother herself and no negative effects on the newborn, infant or lactation have been reported (Rooks 2011).
Nitrous oxide labor analgesia is associated with better rates of breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding at one week, one and three months postpartum (Zanardo 2018).
Expert authors consider the use of this medication safe during breastfeeding (Howie 2006, Hale 1999).