Alcoholic beverage

While breastfeeding it is recommended to avoid use of alcohol. It is unknown what level of maternal alcohol consumption is zero risk or safe for the infant. ^{(Han 2022, Ministerio Sanidad 2020 pag44, ABM 2015)}

Alcohol is excreted in breast milk. ^{(Schneider 2013, Chien 2009 and 2005, Pepino 2007, Palmquist 2005, Koren 2002, da-Silva 1993, Argote 1992, Mennella 1991, Lawton 1985)}

Alcohol consumption may cause sedation, failure to thrive, psychomotor delay and decreased cognitive and academic performance ^{(Gibson 2021, Sachs 2013, Backstrand 2004, Koren 2002, Moretti 2000, Little 1989)}, although the data are inconsistent and scant ^{(Giglia 2006, Koletzko 2000)} and may depend on the amount and chronicity of alcohol consumption. ^{(Han 2022, Gibson 2020 y 2018, Wilson 2017, ABM 2015, Haastrup 2014, Little 2002)}

Excessive acute ingestion by the mother may induce coma, seizures and danger of death in the infant. ^{(Swiderski 2011).}

One case of Pseudo-Cushing Syndrome was reported that disappeared after alcohol stop by the mother. ^{(Moretti 2000)} 

Alcohol consumption during pregnancy is associated with delayed Lactogenesis II, onset of copious milk. ^{(Rocha 2020).}

It is controversial that alcohol consumption is associated with shorter duration of breastfeeding ^{(Mgongo 2013, Rebhan 2009, Giglia 2008)}. Despite of low increase of Prolactin serum level ^{(Sarkola 1999)}, acute consumption affects the infant with sedation, and, inhibits Oxytocin secretion in the mother ^{(Cobo 1973, Coiro 1992, Chien 2009)} and hence affects the ejection reflex of breast milk with a decrease of 10% to 25% of milk production. ^{(Mennella 2005-2001-1998-1997-1993-1991)}

Although prenatal alcohol and tobacco use have been linked to attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), no association of these two disorders with alcohol consumption during lactation has been demonstrated. ^{(Gibson 2022)}

Drinking beer does not increase milk production ^{(Comité LM AEP 2012, Mennella 2001-1993)}. After drinking 0.0% or non-alcoholic (<1%) beer, alcohol levels in breast milk are negligible or undetectable. ^{(Schneider 2013)}

Elapsing time required to resume breastfeeding after occasional consumption of alcohol by the mother in order to ensure disappearance of milk and blood ^{(Ho 2001)} depends on mother's body weight (lesser weight needs longer time to wait), and, on the amount ingested (higher amount needs longer time). Stop breastfeeding for longer than two and a half hour for every 10 - 12 g of ingested alcohol: 330 mL of 5% beer, 140 mL (1 glass) of 11-12% wine, or, one cup (40 ml) of 40% liquor. Twice these amounts would mean a wait of 5 hours and triple 7.5 hours, etc. ^{(Han 2022, ABM 2015, Giglia 2006, Table 1 in Koren 2002)} 

Some medicinal products containing high concentrations of alcohol as an excipient should be avoided during breastfeeding. ^{(Nice 2000)}

Avoiding bed-sharing is recommended to mothers who have drunk alcohol. ^{(ABM 2020 &2008, UNICEF 2019, 2017, 2014 & 2013, Landa 2012, UNICEF 2006)}

Drinking alcohol does not protect against COVID 19. ^{(WHO 2020)}

When topically used as disinfectant, alcohol does not increase alcohol levels in breast milk and is compatible with breastfeeding. ^{(Han 2022, WHO 2002)}

See below the information of this related product:

• Alcohol (topical use, disinfectant) ( Safe. Compatible. Minimal risk for breastfeeding and infant.)